Why do we need healthy gums?
Strong, healthy gums are the foundation for beautiful healthy teeth. Healthy gums hold teeth in place at the root and as it is attached to the gumline, it creates a seal which blocks bacteria from penetrating sensitive tissue below. While chewing food the teeth and gum function together. Healthy gums also serve as an important indicator for overall health as research suggests that untreated gum disease may:

• Contribute to the development of heart disease
• Increase the risk of stroke
• Increase a woman's risk of having premature births
• Pose a serious threat to people whose health is compromised by diabetes or respiratory diseases
  

What are gum diseases? What causes it?
Gum diseases are serious bacterial infections that destroy the attachment fibers and supporting bone that hold your teeth in your mouth. Left untreated, these diseases can lead to tooth loss. Gum diseases are caused by plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. These bacteria create toxins that irritate gum tissue, causing gum tenderness, inflammation and pain. There will also be a tendency to bleed during brushing.

What is gingivitis?
Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums, which could also be an early sign of gum disease. Some common features associated with gingivitis are red and swollen gums, and bleeding while brushing and flossing. The cause of gingivitis is dental plaque. Gingivitis is reversible and can usually be eliminated by daily brushing and flossing.

What is periodontitis?
Periodontitis is an advanced stage of gum disease where the disease has affected the periodontium or the supporting structures of the teeth. The supporting periodontal structures begin to break down, thereby forming a pocket. This means that part of the bone that supports the teeth or the ligaments that hold teeth securely in place are destroyed. Such teeth can become so loose that it would need to be removed.

The symptoms of early periodontitis include: tooth sensitivity, a feeling of intense pressure between the teeth or bleeding when brushing or flossing. Periodontitis is generally not reversible and require professional treatment.

What are the signs of gum disease?
Gum disease is generally a problem not recognized by people as a serious problem. That is why it is frequently described as a 'sneaky' disease. Below are some of the signs:

• Gums that bleed easily especially during brushing or flossing
• Red, swollen or tender gums
• Gums that have pulled away from the teeth
• Persistent bad breath
• Pus between the teeth and gums
• Loose or shaky teeth
• A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite
• A change in the fit of partial dentures

Who is most likely to suffer gum disease?
Gum disease affects most people at some time in their lives. It is the main cause of tooth loss in adults.Studies have shown that tobacco use may be one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of gum disease. In fact, smokers are much more likely than non-smokers to have calculus form on their teeth, have deeper pockets between the teeth and gums; and lose more of the bone and tissues that support the teeth.

Can I pass my gum disease to others?
Gum disease may be passed from parents to children and between couples, according to an article in the September 1997 issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association. Researchers suggest that bacteria causing gum disease is passed though saliva. This means that when family members or a couple come into contact with each other's saliva, they are at risk for contracting gum disease.

What does treatment of gum disease involve?

• The first phase of the treatment of gum disease usually involves learning how to brush and floss correctly. Then, the teeth are professionally cleaned to remove calculus and other bacterial deposits. Any tooth decay is treated and fillings that have rough margins are replaced.
• This is followed by the corrective phase of treatment, which usually includes further deep cleaning, or root planing, with local anaesthetic. It may also involve surgical correction of the pockets.
• The last phase is the maintenance phase, which involves regular scaling and polishing with careful attention to daily oral hygiene; and monitoring so that any signs of disease activity can be identified at an early stage.

Does the treatment always work and can the disease recur once treated?
Yes, if oral hygiene and plaque control are instituted and maintained, gum disease can be controlled. However, other factors such as smoking and stress may have an effect on the outcome of treatment.

Smokers may show a poorer response to treatment when compared to non-smokers. As the disease occurs with periods of activity and remission, sites that have not been treated or maintained effectively may undergo a recurrence of disease.

How can I prevent gum disease?
You can prevent gum disease by taking the following steps:

Brush your teeth thoroughly twice a day
This removes the film of bacteria from teeth. Be sure to use a soft- bristled toothbrush that is in good condition. Toothpaste and mouth rinses containing fluoride strengthen teeth and help prevent decay.

Clean between your teeth every day
Cleaning between teeth with floss or inter-dental cleaners removes bacteria and food particles from between the teeth where the bristles of a toothbrush cannot reach.

Eat a balanced diet
Choose a variety of foods from the basic food groups, such as breads, cereals and other grain products; fruits; vegetables; meat, poultry and fish; and dairy products, such as milk, cheese and yogurt. Limit snacks between meals.

Make regular visits to your dentist
It is important to have regular dental checkups, and professional cleaning is essential to prevent gum diseases. Ensure that you visit your dentist at least twice a year.